Cholecystectomy is a surgical procedure to remove your gallbladder — a pear-shaped organ that sits just below your liver on the upper right side of your abdomen. Your gallbladder collects and stores bile — a digestive fluid produced in your liver.

Cholecystectomy may be necessary if you experience pain from gallstones that block the flow of bile. Cholecystectomy is a common surgery, and it carries only a small risk of complications. In most cases, you can go home the same day of your cholecystectomy.

Cholecystectomy is most commonly performed by inserting a tiny video camera and special surgical tools through four small incisions to see inside your abdomen and remove the gallbladder. Doctors call this laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In some cases, one large incision may be used to remove the gallbladder. This is called an open cholecystectomy.

Cholangiography is an examination that uses X-rays and contrast medium (dye) to view your bile ducts. It is often used to see if the bile ducts are blocked, such as in obstructive jaundice, where the bile is blocked from flowing into the duodenum and spills into the blood. Obstructive jaundice can be caused by gallstones blocking the bile ducts.

In the procedure, the contrast medium is injected into the body and a series of X-rays taken to reveal any gallstones, other obstructions or narrowing in the bile ducts.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has now been accepted as the procedure of choice in the treatment of gall stones. Prior to the introduction of the laparoscopic technique, contrast imaging of the biliary system was carried out by most surgeons during an open cholecystectomy. The reason for performing this was to confirm correct identification of the biliary anatomy and to identify the presence of ductal calculi where appropriate, so that these could be removed during the same procedure.

Since the introduction of the laparoscopic operation, a debate has arisen as to whether intra-operative imaging of the biliary tract is still necessary. The proponents of routine intraoperative cholangiogram (OTC) feel that it is important in the prevention of bile duct injuries whilst the opponents of this feel that it may actually increase the risk of bile duct injuries. Common bile duct (CBD) stones are seen in almost 15% of patients with symptomatic gallstones, thus emphasizing the importance of identifying them either prior to or during surgery. Routine pre-operative ultrasound scan may identify ductal calculi in a large proportion of those patients who have them before surgery. In addition, if the liver function tests were deranged then investigation by Magnetic Resonance Cholangio-Pancreatography (MRCP) or Computerised Tomography scan (CT) or Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreaticography (ERCP) would hopefully detect the majority of ductal calculi prior to surgery.

Therefore, in light of these changes in the practice of biliary surgery there is still a keen debate about the need of intra-operative imaging during laparoscopic cholecystectomy either by on-table cholangiography or laparoscopic ultrasound.

The CBD is a tube connecting the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas to the small intestine that helps deliver fluid to aid in digestion.

The CBD exploration is a procedure used to see if a stone or some obstruction is blocking the flow of bile from your liver and gallbladder to your intestine.

If a stone or obstruction is blocking the CBD, bile can back up into the liver causing jaundice. Jaundice is when the skin and white of the eyes become yellow.

The CBD might become infected and require emergency surgery if the stone or blockage is not removed. This procedure can be done during the removal of the gall bladder.

An alternative would be an ERCP (Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram) or not having treatment. You should discuss these options with your doctor.

Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (RYHJ) is currently considered as the definitive treatment for iatrogenic bile duct injuries. It is a common operation, not only to bypass extrahepatic biliary obstructions, but also to establish biliary-enteric continuity after resections for benign and malignant diseases.

Choledochoduodenostomy, choledochojejunostomy, or sphincteroplasty are used in the treatment of selected patients with retained, recurrent, and impacted bile duct stones; strictures of the bile ducts; stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi; pancreatitis associated with biliary disease.

Safe resection of solitary congenital liver cysts is considered due to the malignant potential. Complete excision of the hepatic cyst has been described in the literature as the treatment of choice. However, if deep-seated, excision may require partial or total lobectomy.

Liver cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form in the liver. They're benign growths, meaning they aren't cancerous. These cysts generally don't require treatment unless symptoms develop, and they rarely affect liver function.

Multiple cysts are less common and are usually due to polycystic kidney disease, which is an inherited condition. Laparoscopic deroofing involves draining the cyst and removing part of the cyst wall, which is done through small cuts in the abdomen using a fine telescope to see inside the body ('keyhole surgery').